Development of an Alginate–PVA Hydrogel Containing Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for the Control of Pythium deliense–Induced Damping-Off and Nitrogen Release in Seeda Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ‘Seeda’) Cultivation
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Abstract
This study aimed to develop and evaluate alginate–polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels incorporating zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and urea as multifunctional materials for controlling Pythium deliense, the causal agent of damping-off disease in Seeda tomato, while simultaneously improving nitrogen release efficiency in soil. The developed hydrogels exhibited concentration-dependent antifungal activity against P. deliense. Complete inhibition of fungal growth was achieved at a ZnO-NP concentration of 1.00% (w/v). Among the tested formulations, the A2.5P20 hydrogel demonstrated the highest antifungal efficacy (90.15%), which was significantly greater than that of the commercial fungicide Captan. The nitrogen release behavior of the A2.5P20 hydrogel was well-fitted to the Higuchi and Korsmeyer–Peppas models, indicating a hybrid diffusion- and swelling-controlled release mechanism governed by the polymer matrix. In contrast, the A2.5P40 formulation exhibited a high swelling ratio of 292% by the fifth cycle and underwent complete biodegradation within 54 days. In planta bioassays further confirmed that A2.5P20 significantly promoted the growth of Seeda tomato seedlings compared to the control and ZnO-NPs-free hydrogel treatments. Overall, the developed hydrogel shows considerable potential as a functional agricultural material for integrated disease management, reducing nitrogen loss, and improving nutrient use efficiency in sustainable agricultural systems.
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