Effects of Clove Oil on Water Quality and Stress-Related Gene Expression in Siamese Fighting Fish (Betta splendens) during Short-Term Transportation
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Abstract
Transport procedures have emerged as potential stress-inducing factors. The use of clove oil is a common practice in aquaculture to mitigate stress, but it may also induce negative side effects. Particularly in Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). In this study, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of clove oil on water quality and stress-related gene expression, including HSP70, HSP90, GR, MR, and HIF-1α. Siamese fighting fish (body weight 1.91 ± 0.42 g; n = 30) from a local farm in Nakhon Pathom province were subjected to simulated transport in 80 mL of water for 24 hours, with the addition of 0, 5, and 10 mg/L of clove oil. Samples were also collected before transportation. The results demonstrated that the dissolved oxygen in the control group had the most significant decrease (p < 0.05), along with the expression level of MR (p < 0.05). Conversely, the addition of 5 and 10 mg/L of clove oil decreased oxygen demand and resulted in a significant decrease in pH levels and alkalinity compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, 5 mg/L of clove oil significantly increased the expression levels of GR and HIF-1α (p < 0.05). Additionally, 10 mg/L of clove oil significantly elevated the expression levels of stress-related genes, including HSP70, GR, MR, and HIF-1α (p < 0.05). This indicates that transportation can have a negative impact on water quality. Furthermore, the addition of 5 and 10 mg/L of clove oil induces stress in Siamese fighting fish and is inappropriate for short-term transport. Future studies should concentrate on the smaller concentration of clove oil between 0-5 mg/L.
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