Triassic radiolarian assemblages from the chert-clastic rock sequences in the Kanchanaburi area, western Thailand
Keywords:
Triassic, Radiolarian, Sibumasu, Palaeo-Tethys, Kanchanburi, ThailandAbstract
Early to early Late Triassic radiolarian assemblages have been identified in the chert-clastic rock sequences in the Kanchanaburi area, western Thailand. These rock sequences consist of well-bedded chert a few centimeters thick alternating with thin-films of shale and interbedded with siliceous shale and sometimes quartz-rich sandstone. The radiolarian assemblages are; the Parentactinia nakatsugawaensis, Eptingium nakasekoi, Triassocampe deweveri, Spine A2 and Muelleritirtis cocholeata assemblages of Early-to-early Late Triassic, which are known from Japan, USA, Russian Far East, European Tethys, northwestern Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines, and several areas in Thailand. The occurrence of the Early to early Late Triassic radiolarians from bedded chert sequences in this area suggests that the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean and Panthalassa Ocean were probably connected by seaways at this time and might have shared the same oceanic circulation system. Forty-five species belonging to 23 genera and five unidentified radiolarians with type A to E of radiolarian spines are investigated. These radiolarian-bearing rocks seem to have been deposited in a hemipelagic environment at the continental slope of the eastern margin of the Sibumasu Terrane. The occurrence of early Late Triassic radiolarians from bedded chert sequences in the Kanchanaburi area indicates that the closure of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean occurred at least after early Late Triassic time.
References
Agematsu, S., Sashida, K., Salyaponge, S. & Sardsud A. (2006). Lower Devonian tentaculite bed in the Satun area, southern peninsular Thailand. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 26, 605-611.
Ampornmaha, A. (1995). Triassic carbonate rocks in the Phatthalung area, Peninsular Thailand. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 11, 225–236.
Basir, J. (1997). Permo-Triassic Radiolaria from the Semanggol Formation, northwest Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Asian Earth Science, 15, 43–53.
Basir, J., Ali, C. A. & Mohamed, K.R. (1995). Late Triassic Radiolaria from the Kodiang Limestone, northwest Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 12, 31-39.
Blome, C. D. (1984). Upper Triassic radiolarian and radiolarian zonation from western North America. Bulletin of American Paleontology, 85, 1-88.
Blome, C. D., & Reed, K. M. (1992). Permian and Early (?) Triassic radiolarian faunas from the Grindstone terrane, central Oregon. Journal of Paleontology, 66, 351-383.
Bragin, N. J. (1991). Radiolarian and Lower Mesozoic deposits of the USSR east regions. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 469, 1-122 (in Russian with English abstract).
Bunopas, S., (1981). Paleogeographic history of western Thailand and adjacent parts of Southeast Asia-a plate tectonics interpretation. PhD Thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. Reprinted 1982 as Geological Survey, Paper, 5, 810 p. Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok, Thailand.
Bunopas, S. (1992). Regional stratigraphic correlation in Thailand. In, Piancharoen, C. ed., Proceedings of a National Conference on Geologic Resources of Thailand: Potential for Future Development, Bangkok, Thailand, 189-208. Department of Mineral Resources (DMR), Thailand.
Caridroit, M., Fontaine, H., Jongkahjanasoontorn, Y., Suteethorn, V., & Vachard, D. (1990). First results of a palaeontological study of Northwest Thailand. CCOP Technical Secretariat, 337-350.
Cheng, Y.-N. (1989). Upper Paleozoic and Lower Mesozoic radiolarian assemblages from the Busuanga Islands, North Palawan block, Philippines. Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science, 1, 129-175.
De Wever, P. (1981). Spyrids, astrostrobiids, and Cretaceous radiolarians from the western Pacific, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 61. In, Larson, R.L., Schlanger et al., eds. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 507-520. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,
De Wever, P. (1982). Radiolaries du Trias et du Lias de la Tethys. Societe Geologique du nord Publication, 7, 1-599.
De Wever, P., Sanfilippo, A., Riedel., W. R. & Gruber, B. (1979). Triassic radiolarians from Greece, Sicily and Turkey. Micropalaeontology, 25, 75-109.
De Wever, P., Dumitrica, P., Caulet, J. P., Nigrini, C. & Caridroit, M. (2001). Radiolarians in the Sedimentary Record, 533 p. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam.
Deflandre, G. (1953). Radiolaries fossils. In, Grassé, P. D. ed., Traité de Zoologie, Masson, 1, 398-436.
Dumitrica, P. (1978a). Family Eptingiidae n. fam., extinct Nassellaria (Radiolaria) with sagittal ring. Dari de seama ale sedintelor, Institutul de Geologie si Geofizica, 64, 27-38.
Dumitrica, P. (1978b). Triassic Palaeoscenidiidae and Entactiniidae from the Vicentinian Alps (Italy) and eastern Carpathians (Romania). Dari de seama ale sedinrelor, Institutul de Geologie si Geofizica, 64, 39-59.
Dumitrica, P. (1982). Triassic Oertlisponginae (Radiolaria) from Eastern Carpathians and Southern Alps. Daride Seama ale Sedintelor, Institutul de Geologie si Geofizica, Bucaresti, 67, 57-74.
Dumitrica, P., Kozur, H. & Mostler, H. (1980). Contribution to the radiolarian fauna of the Middle Triassic of the Southern Alps. Geologische-Paläontologishe Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 10, 1-46.
Ehrenberg, C. G. (1838). Uber die Bildung der Kreidefelsen und des Kreidemergels durch unsichtbare Organismen. Abhandlungen der Kőniglichen Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Jahrgang 1838, 59-147.
Ehrenberg, C. G. (1854). Mikrogeologie. Das Erden und Felsen schaffende Wirken des unsichtbar kleinen selbststandigen Lebens auf der Erde, 374 p. Leopold Voss, Leipzig, Germany.
Ehrenberg, C. G. (1875). Fortsetzung der mikrogeologischen Studien als Gesamtübersicht der mikroskopischen Paläontologie gleichartig analysirter Gebirgsarten der Erde, mit specieller Rücksicht auf den Polycystinen-Mergel von Barbados. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Jahrgang 1875, 226 p.
Feng, Q. & Liu, B. P. (1993). Later Permian and Early-Middle Triassic radiolarians from Southwestern Yunnan. Earth Science Journal of China University of Geosciences, 18, 540-552.
Feng, Q., Zhang, Z. & Ye, M. (2001). Middle Triassic radiolarian fauna from southwest Yunnan, China. Micropaleontology, 47, 173-204.
Feng, Q., Malila K., Wonganan N., Chonglakmani C., Helmcke D., Ingavat-Helmcke R., & Caridroit M. (2005). Permian and Triassic Radiolaria from Northwest Thailand: paleogeographical implications. Revue de micropaleontology, 84, 237-255.
Feng, Q., Yan, Z., Li, X., & Crasquin, S. (2009). Middle and Late Triassic radiolarians from northern Tibet: Implications for the Bayan Har Basin evolution. Geobios, 42, 581-601.
Ferrari, O. M., Hochard, C. & Stampfli G, M. (2008). An alternative plate tectonic model for the Palaeozoic-Early Mesozoic Palaeotethyan evolution of Southeast Asia (Northern Thailand-Burma). Tectonophysics, 451, 346-365.
Gorican, S. & Buser, S. (1990). Middle Triassic radiolarians from Slovenia (Yugoslavia). Geologija, 31-32, 133-197.
Hada, S., Bunopas, S., Ishii, K. &Yoshikura, S. (1999). Rift-drift history and the amalgamation of Shan-Thai and Indochina/East Malaya blocks. In, Metcalfe, I., ed., Gondwana Dispersion and Asian Accretion, 67-87. Balkema, Rotterdam.
Haeckel, E. (1862). Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda, Radiolaria). Eine Monographie, 586 p. Georg Reimer, Berlin.
Haeckel, E. (1882). Entwurf eines Radiolarien-Systems auf Grund von Studien der Challenger-Radiolarien. Jenaisch Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft, 15, 418-472.
Helmcke, D. (1985). The Permo-Triassic “Paleotethys” in mainland Southeast Asia and adjacent parts of China. Geologische Rundschau, 74, 215-228.
Ishida, K., Nanba, A., Hirsch, F., Kozai., T., & Meesook, A. (2006). New micropalaeontological evidence for a Late Triassic Shan-Thai orogeny. Geosciences Journal, 10/ 3, 181-194.
Isozaki, Y. (1997). Permo-Triassic boundary superanoxia and stratified superocean: Records from lost deep sea. Science, 276, 235-238.
Jenjitpaiboon, K. & Chonglakmani, C. (2014). Stratigraphy and paleontology of Marine Permian and Triassic sequences in Nong Prue district, Kanchanaburi province, Thailand. International Workshop on Tethyan Orogenesis and Metallogeny in Asia and Cooperation among Institutions of Higher Education, 25–26.
Kamata, Y., Sashida, K., Ueno, K., Hisada, K., Nakornsri, N. & Charusiri, P. (2002). Triassic radiolarian faunas from the Mae Sariang area, northern Thailand and their paleogeographic significance. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 20, 491-506.
Kamata, Y., Shirouzu A., Ueno, K., Sardsud, A., Charoentitirat, T., Charusiri, P., Koike, T., & Hisada, K. (2014). Late Permian and Early to Middle Triassic radiolarians from the Hat Yai area, southern peninsular Thailand: Implications for the tectonic settings of the eastern margin of the Sibumasu Continental Block and closure timing of the Paleo-Tethys. Marine Micropaleontology, 110, 8-24.
Kellic, I. & De Wever, P. (1995). Triassic radiolaria from Marmolada Massif, Northern Italy. Revue de Micropaleontologie, 38, 139-167.
Koike, T. (1982). Triassic conodont biostratigraphy in Kedah, West Malaysia. In Kobayashi, T., et al. eds., Geology and Paleontology of Southeast Asia, 23, 9–51.
Kozur, H. (1984). New radiolarian taxa from the Triassic and Jurassic. Geologische-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 13, 49-88.
Kozur, H. (1988). Muelleritortiidae n. fam., eine charakteristische longobardische (oberladinische) Radiolarienfamilie, Teil I. Freiberger Forschungshefte C419, 95-100.
Kozur, H. (1996). The systematic position of Pseudoertlispongus Lahm (Radiolarfia) and description of some new Middle Triassic and Liassic radiolarian taxa. Geologische-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, Sonderband, 4, 257-299.
Kozur, H. & Mostler, H. (1978). Beiträge zur Erforschung der mesozoishchen Radiolarien. Teil II: Die Oberfamilien Actinommacea Haeckel 1862 emend. und Beschreibung iher triassischen Vertreter. Geologische-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 8, 123-182.
Kozur, H. & Mostler, H. (1979). Beiträge zur Erforschung der mesozoishchen Radiolarien. Teil III: Die Oberfamilien Actinommacea Haeckel 1862 emend. Artiscacea Haeckel 1882, Multiarcusellacea nov. der Spumellaria und weitere triassische Nassellaria. Geologische-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 9, 1-132.
Kozur, H. & Mostler, H. (1981): Beiträge zur Erforschung der mesozoischen Radiolarien. Teil IV: Thalassosphaeracea Haeckel, 1862, Hexastylacea Haekel, 1882 emend., Petrusevskaja, 1979, Sponguracea Haeckel, 1862 emend. und weitere triassische Lithocycliacea, Trematodiscacea, Actinommacea und Nassellaria. Geologische-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 2, 147-275.
Kozur, H. & Mostler, H. (1982). Entactinaria suborder nov., a new radiolarian suborder. Geologische-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 11, 399-414.
Kozur, H. & Mostler, H. (1994). Anisian to Middle Carnian radiolarian zonation and description of some stratigraphically important radiolarians. Geologische-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, Sonderband, 3, 39-255.
Kozur, H. & Mostler, H. (1996). Longobardian (Late Ladinian) Oertlispongidae (Radiolaria) from the Republic of Bosnia-Hercegovina and the stratigraphic value of advanced Oertlispongidae. Geologische- Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, Sonderband, 4, 105-193.
Kozur, H. & Reti, Z. (1986). The first paleontological evidence of Triassic ophiolites in Hungary. Neues Jahrbuch fuer Geologie und Palaeontologie, Mh. 5, 284-292.
Kozur, H., Krainer, K. & Mostler (1996). Radiolarians and facies of the Middle Triassic Loibl Formation, South Alpine Karawanken Mountains (Carinthia, Austria). Geologische-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, Sonderband, 4, 195-269.
Lahm, B. (1984). Spumellarienfaunen (Radiolaria) aus den mitteltriassiischen Buchensteiner-Schichten von Teccoaro (Norditalien) und den obertriassischen Reiflingerkalken von Grossreifling (Osterreichi) Systematik-Stratigraphi. Munchner Geowissenshaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A, Geologie und Palaontologie, 1, 1-161.
Mantajit, N. (1999). Thailand and Tethys sea. In, Ratanasthien, B., Rieb, S. L. eds., Proceedings of the International Symposium on Shallow Tethys (ST) 5, p. IX. Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai.
Mantajit, N. & Hinthong, C. (1999). Geological map of Thailand, scale 1:1,000,000. DMR (Department of Mineral Resources of Thailand), Bangkok, Thailand.
Matsuda, T. & Isozaki, Y. (1991). Well documented travel history of Mesozoic pelagic chert in Japan; from remote ocean to subduction zone. Tectonics, 10, 475-499.
Metcalfe, I. (1999). Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion; An overview. In, Metcalfe, I., ed., Gondwana Dispersion and Asian Accretion, 9-28. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
Metcalfe, I. (2002). Permian tectonic framework and palaeogeography of SE Asia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 20, 551-556.
Metcalfe, I. (2005). Asia: South-East. In, Richard C. Selley, Robin, L., Cocks, M. and Ian R. Plimer eds., Encyclopedia of Geology, 1, 169-198. Elsevier Ltd., Oxford.
Metcalfe, I. (2011). Tectonic framework and Phanerozoic evolution of Sundaland. Gondwana Research, 19, 3-21.
Metcalfe, I. (2013). Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion: Tectonic and palaeogeographic evolution of eastern Tethys. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 66, 1-33.
Metcalfe, I. (2017). Tectonic evolution of Sundaland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, 63, 27-60.
Müller, J. (1858). Über die Thalassicollen, Polycystinen und Acanthometren des Mittelmeeres. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Jahrgang 1858, 1-62.
Munasri & Puta, A.M. (2019). First evidence of Middle to late Triassic radiolarians in the Gaba mountains, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Island Aarc, https://dol.org/10.111/iar12298.
Nakaseko, K. & Nishimura, A. (1979). Upper Triassic Radiolaria from Southwest Japan. Science Report of the College General Education of Osaka University, 28, 61-109.
O’Dogherty, L., Carter, E.S., Dumitrica, P., Gorcan, S., De Wever, P., Hungerbhuhler, A., Bandini, A.N., & Takemura, A. (2009a). Catalogue of Mesozoic radiolarian genera. Part 1: Triassic. In O’Dogherty et al., eds. Catalogue of Mesozoic radiolarian genera. Geodiversitas, 31, 213–270.
O’Dogherty, L., Carter, E.S., Dumitrica, P., Gorican, S., De Wever, P., Bandini, A.N., Baumgartner, P.O., & Matsuoka, A. (2009b). Catalogue of Mesozoic radiolarian genera. Part 2: Jurassic-Cretaceous. In O’Dogherty et al., eds. Catalogue of Mesozoic radiolarian genera. Geodiversitas, 31, 271–356.
Pessagno, E. A. (1973). Upper Cretaceous Spumellariina from the Grest Valley sequence, California Coast Ranges. Bulletin of American Paleontology, 63, 49-102.
Pessagno, E. A. & Newport, R. (1972). A technique for extracting Radiolaria from radiolarian cherts. Micropaleontology, 18/ 2, 231-234.
Pessagno, E. A., Finch, J. W. & Abbott, P. L. (1979). Upper Triassic Radiolaria from the San Hipoloto Formation, Baja California. Micropaleontology, 25, 160-197.
Ramovs, A. & Gorican, S. (1995). Late Anisian-Early Ladinian radiolarians and conodonts from Smarna Gora near Ljubljana, Slovenia, Razprave IV. Razreda SAZU, XXXVI, 179-221.
Riedel, W. R. (1967). Subclass Radiolaria. In, Harland, W. B., Holland, C. H., House, M. R., Hughes, N. F., Reynolds, A. B., Rudwick, M. J. S., Satterthwaite, G. E., Tarlo, L. B. H. and Willey, E. C. eds., The Fossil Record. A symposium with documentation, 291-298. Geological Society of London, London.
Saesaengseerung, D., Sashida, K., & Sardsud, A. (2008). Discovery of Middle Triassic radiolarian fauna from the Nan area along the Nan-Uttaradit suture zone, northern Thailand. Paleontological Research, 12, 397-409.
Sashida, K. (1983). Lower Triassic Radiolaria from the Kanto Mountains, central Japan. Part I: Palaeoscenidiidae. Transaction and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, New Series, 131, 168-176.
Sashida, K. (1991). Early Triassic radiolarians from the Ogamata Formation, Kanto Mountains, central Japan. Part 2. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, New Series, 161, 681-696.
Sashida, K., Igo, H., Hisada, K., Nakornsri, N. & Ampornmaha, A. (1993a). Occurrence of Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic Radiolaria in Thailand (preliminary report). Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 8, 97-108.
Sashida, K., Nishimura, H., Igo, H., Kazama, S. & Kamata, Y. (1993b). Triassic radiolarian faunas from Kiso-Fukushima, Kiso Mountains, central Japan. Science Reports of the Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, B, 14, 77-97.
Sashida, K., Igo, H., Adachi, S., Nakornsri, N. & Ampornmaha, A. (1997). Middle to Upper Permian and Middle Triassic radiolarians from eastern Thailand. Science Reports of the Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Section B, 18, 1-17.
Sashida, K., Igo, H., Adachi, S., Ueno, K., Nakornsri, N. & Sardsud, A. (1998). Late Paleozoic radiolarian faunas from northern and northeastern Thailand. Science Reports of the Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Section B, 19, 1-17.
Sashida, K., Kamata, Y., Adachi, S. & Munasri (1999a). Middle Triassic radiolarians from West Timor, Indonesia. Journal of Paleontology, 73, 765-786.
Sashida, K., Ueno, K., Nakornsri, N. & Sardsud, A. (1999b). Lithofacies and biofacies of the Khlong Kon Limestone, southern Peninsular Thailand. International Symposium Shallow Tethys 5, 228–241.
Sashida, K., Igo, H., Adachi, S., Ueno, K., Kajiwara, Y., Nakornsri, N. & Sardsud, A. (2000a). Late Permian to Middle Triassic radiolarian faunas from northern Thailand. Journal of Paleontology, 74, 789-811.
Sashida, K., Nakornsri, N., Ueno, K. & Sardsud, A. (2000b). Carboniferous and Triassic radiolarian faunas from the Saba Yoi area, southernmost part of Peninsular Thailand and their paleogeographic significance. Science Reports of the Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Section B, 21, 71-99.
Sashida, K., Putthapiban, P., Salyapongse, S. & Agematsu, S. (2019). Early Carboniferous radiolarians and latest Permian and Middle Triassic conodonts from the northern part of the Kanchanaburi area, western Thailand. Abstract Volume of the Radiolarian Meeting in Japan at Mito, 24.
Sone, M. & Metcalfe, I. (2008). Parallel Tethyan sutures in mainland Southeast Asia: New insights for Palaeo-Tethys closure and implications for the Indosinian orogeny. Comptes Rendus Geosience, 340, 166-179.
Spiller, F.C.P. (2002). Radiolarian biostratigraphy of Peninsular Malaysia and implications for regional paleotectonics and paleogeography. Palaeontographica Albaitlung A 266, 1–91.
Sugiyama, K. (1992). Lower and Middle Triassic radiolarians from Mt. Kinkazan, Gifu Prefecture, central Japan. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, New Series, 1671180-1223.
Sugiyama, K. (1997). Triassic and Lower Jurassic radiolarian biostratigraphy in the siliceous claystone and bedded chert units of the southwestern Mino Terrane, central Japan. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 24, 79-193.
Takahashi, O. & Miyake, Y. (2014). Radiolarians. In Shigeta et al., eds. Olenekian (Early Triassic) stratigraphy and fossil assemblages in northeastern Vietnam. National Museum of Nature and Science Monograph, 45, 278-294.
Tekin, U.K., Bedi, Y., Okuyucu, C., Goncuoglu, M.C., & Sayit, K. (2016). Radiolarian biochronology of upper Anisian to upper Ladinian (Middle Triassic) blocks and tectonic slices of volcano-sedimentary successions in the Mrsin Melange, southern Turkey: New insights for the evolution of Neotehtys. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 124, 409-426.
Teoh, L.H. (1992). Geology and mineral resources of the Sungai Tiang area, Kedah Darulama. Geological Survey of Malaysia Mapping Report, 5, 1–93.
Ueno, K. & Igo, H. (1997). Late Paleozoic foraminifers from the Chiang Dao area northern Thailand; geologic age, faunal affinity, and paleobiogeographic implications. In, Podemski, M.S., Dybova J., Jaworowski, K., Jureczka, J., Wagner, R., eds. Proceedings of the XIII international congress on The Carboniferous and Permian. Prace Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego (1988), 339-354. Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warsaw, Poland.
Ueno, K. & Hisada, K. (1999). Closure of the Paleo-Tethys caused by the collision of Indochina and Sibumasu. Chikyu Monthly, 21, 832-839 (in Japanese)
Wakita, K. & Metcalfe, I. (2005). Ocean Plate Stratigraphy in East and Southeast Asia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 24, 679-702.
Wang, X., Metcalfe, I., Jian, P., He, L. & Wang, C. (2000). The Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan Suture Zone, China: tectonostratigraphy, age and evolution. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 18, 675-690.
Wonganan, N. & Caridroit, M. (2005). Middle and Upper Devonian radiolarian faunas from Chiang Dao area, Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand. Micropaleontology, 51/ 1, 39-57.
Xia, W. & Zhang, N. (2000). Middle Triassic Radiolaria from turbidites in Ziyun, Guizhou, South China. Micropaleontology, 46, 73-87.
Yeh, K.-Y. (1989). Studies of Radiolaria from the Field Creek Formation, East-Central Oregon, U.S.A. Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science, 1, 43-109.
Yeh, K.-Y. (1990). Taxonomic studies of Triassic Radiolaria from Busuanga Island, Philippines. Bulletin of the National Museum of Natureal Science, 2, 1-63.
Yeh, K.-Y. (1992). Triassic Radiolaria from Uson Island, Philippines. Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science, 3, 51-91.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Thai Geoscience Journal
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.