The Formaldehyde, TVOCs, PM2.5 and PM10 Concentrations at Outdoor Street Food in Kalasin, Thailand

Suwimol  Dobut; Sopon  Buengbon; Theeranat Suwanaruang

doi:10.69650/ahstr.2024.2549

Authors

Suwimol Dobut Faculty of Science and Technology, College of Asian Scholars, Khon Kaen Province, 40000, Thailand
Sopon Buengbon Faculty of Science community health branch, Pitchayabandit College, Nong Bua Lam Phu Province, 39000 , Thailand
Theeranat Suwanaruang Faculty of Science and Health Technology, Kalasin University, Namon District, Kalasin Province, 46230, Thailand

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.69650/ahstr.2024.2549

Keywords:

Formaldehyde, street food, particulate matters, volatile organic compounds, environmental pollutants

Abstract

Human health and well-being are directly impacted by air quality. Cardiovascular and respiratory problems have been linked to exposure to pollutants such as formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), and particulate matter 2.5 and 10 micrometers (PM2.5 and PM10). This study aimed to quantify formaldehyde, TVOCs, PM2.5, and PM10 levels in the outdoor air at street food vendors in Kalasin, Thailand. The study was conducted at street food vendors in the province of Kalasin. Formaldehyde values at the top five food stalls in Kalasin ranged from 0.58 to 1.41 mg/m³. The PM2.5 values ranged from 2.29 to 9.43 ug/m3, and the TVOC values ranged from 2.91 to 7.02 ug/m3, with PM10 concentrations ranging from 2.86 to 7.29 ug/m3. Drawing on data about these pollutant concentrations across five distinct locations, the following recommendations can be put forth: Elevated levels of formaldehyde, TVOCs, PM2.5, and PM10 in certain areas can have detrimental effects on the environment and human well-being.

References

Ali, S. M., Malik, F., Anjum, M. S., Siddiqui, G. F., Anwar, M. N., Lam, S. S, Nizami, A. S., & Khokhar, M. F. (2021). Exploring the linkage between PM2. 5 levels and COVID-19 spread and its implications for socio-economic circles. Environmental research, 193, 110421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110421

Ankhy, R. S., Proma, S. J., Ahsan, N., Jeba, F., Islam, M. S., & Salam, A. (2021). Multi-Drugs Resistant Bacteria Associated Particulate Matter In The Ambient Atmosphere of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management, 7(2), 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm.v7i2.60145

Bagaber, M., & Kaafil, S. F. (2023). Assessment of Indoor Air Quality in Different Spaces of Residential and Commercial Buildings in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 20(4), 79-86.

Bagaber, M., & Kaafil, S. F. (2023). Assessment of Indoor Air Quality in Different Spaces of Residential and Commercial Buildings in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 20(4), 79-86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/AJW230054

Baiturina, R., Mustafin, R., Sultanova, R., Gabdrahimov, K., & Asylbaev, I. (2023). Assessment of atmospheric air quality in urbanised areas of the Southern Urals. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 80(4), 1065-1075. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2022.2103986

Baldelli, A., Jeronimo, M., Tinney, M., & Bartlett, K. (2020). Real-time measurements of formaldehyde emissions in a gross anatomy laboratory. SN Applied Sciences, 2, 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2569-7

Bej, S., Mandal, S., Mondal, A., Pal, T. K., & Banerjee, P. (2021). Solvothermal synthesis of high-performance d10-MOFs with hydrogel membranes “turn-on” monitoring of formaldehyde in solution and vapor phase. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 13(21), 25153-25163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c05998

Canha, N., Lage, J., Galinha, C., Coentro, S., Alves, C., & Almeida, S. M. (2018). Impact of biomass home heating, cooking styles, and bread toasting on the indoor air quality at Portuguese dwellings: A case study. Atmosphere, 9(6), 214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9060214

Chen, S., Cui, K., Yu, T. Y., Chao, H. R., Hsu, Y. C., Lu, I. C., Arcega, R. D., Tsai, M. H., Lin, S. L., Chao, W. C., & Chen, C. (2019). A big data analysis of PM2. 5 and PM10 from low cost air quality sensors near traffic areas. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 19(8), 1721-1733. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2019.06.0328

Chirasophon, S., & Pochanart, P. (2020). The long-term characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 in Bangkok, Thailand. Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment, 14(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae. 2020.14.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2020.14.1.073

Cichowicz, R., & Dobrzański, M. (2021). 3D spatial analysis of particulate matter (PM10, PM2. 5 and PM1.0) and gaseous pollutants (H2S, SO2 and VOC) in urban areas surrounding a large heat and power plant. Energies, 14(14), 4070. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144070

Cincinelli, A., & Martellini, T. (2017). Indoor air quality and health. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(11), 1286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111286

Faour, A., Abboud, M., Germanos, G., & Farah, W. (2023). Assessment of the exposure to PM2. 5 in different Lebanese microenvironments at different temporal scales. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(1), 21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10607-6

Laughlin, S., Hains, B., & Horner, E. (2020). Evaluating Performance Of Low-Cost IAQ Environmental Sensors. ASHRAE Journal, 62(8), 66-71.

Li, R., Chen, W., Xiu, A., Zhao, H., Zhang, X., Zhang, S., & Tong, D. Q. (2019). A comprehensive inventory of agricultural atmospheric particulate matters (PM10 and PM2. 5) and gaseous pollutants (VOCs, SO2, NH3, CO, NOx and HC) emissions in China. Ecological indicators, 107, 105609. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105609

Lin, S., Liu, Y., Chen, H., Wu, S., Michalaki, V., Proctor, P., & Rowley, G. (2022). Impact of change in traffic flow on vehicle non-exhaust PM2. 5 and PM10 emissions: A case study of the M25 motorway, UK. Chemosphere, 303, 135069. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135069

Maity, B., Polapragada, Y., Ghosh, A., Bhattacharjee, S., & Nandi, S. (2020, January). Identifying outdoor context by correlating air and noise pollution sensor log. In 2020 International Conference on COMmunication Systems & NETworkS (COMSNETS) (pp. 891-893). IEEE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/COMSNETS48256.2020.9027364

Manisalidis, I., Stavropoulou, E., Stavropoulos, A., & Bezirtzoglou, E. (2020). Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: A review. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh. 2020.00014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014

Masih, A., & Lall, A. S. (2016). Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOCs) in Indoor and outdoor Urban Atmospheres at a Terai Region of Northern India. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: (H) Environment & Environmental geology, 16, 059999.

Mozaffar, A., Zhang, Y. L., Fan, M., Cao, F., & Lin, Y. C. (2020). Characteristics of summertime ambient VOCs and their contributions to O3 and SOA formation in a suburban area of Nanjing, China. Atmospheric research, 240, 104923. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.104923

Palmisani, J., Di Gilio, A., Viana, M., de Gennaro, G., & Ferro, A. (2021). Indoor air quality evaluation in oncology units at two European hospitals: Low-cost sensors for TVOCs, PM2. 5 and CO2 real-time monitoring. Building and Environment, 205, 108237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108237

Sahu, S. K., Sahoo, P., Mangaraj, P., Beig, G., Tyagi, B., Samal, B., Mishra, A., & Yadav, R. (2023). Identification and Quantification of Emission Hotspots of Air Pollutants over Bhubaneswar: A Smart City in Eastern India. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 23, 230049. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.230049

Shah, J., & Mishra, B. (2020). IoT-enabled low power environment monitoring system for prediction of PM2.5. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 67, 101175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmcj.2020.101175

Sharma, G., Sinha, B., Pallavi, Hakkim, H., Chandra, B. P., Kumar, A., & Sinha, V. (2019). Gridded emissions of CO, NO x, SO2, CO2, NH3, HCl, CH4, PM2.5, PM10, BC, and NMVOC from open municipal waste burning in India. Environmental science & technology, 53(9), 4765-4774. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b07076

Shen, H., Hou, W., Zhu, Y., Zheng, S., Ainiwaer, S., Shen, G., Chen, Y., Cheng, H., Hu, J., Wan, Y., & Tao, S. (2021). Temporal and spatial variation of PM2. 5 in indoor air monitored by low-cost sensors. Science of The Total Environment, 770, 145304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145304

Suwanaruang, T. (2023). Assessment of indoor and outdoor formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), and particulate matter (PM2. 5, and PM10) levels in Kalasin, Thailand. F1000Research, 12, 1533. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.140015.1

Tran, T. T. N., & Thai, P. V. (2023). Evaluating household coal slag emissions in Binh Chanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam and recommended solutions. CTU Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 15(1), 22-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22144/ctu.jen.2023.003

World Health Organization. (2021). WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2. 5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. World Health Organization. https://iris. who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/345329/9789240034228-eng.pdf?sequence=1

World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. (‎2000)‎. Air quality guidelines for Europe (2nd ed). World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe.

World Health Organization (2010) Formaldehyde. In: Selected pollutants. WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe.

Xia, H., Huang, D., Bao, F., Li, M., Zhang, Y., Chen, C., & Zhao, J. (2020). Photochemical aging of Beijing urban PM2. 5: Production of oxygenated volatile organic compounds. Science of The Total Environment, 743, 140751. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140751

Yin, Y., He, J., Pei, J., Yang, X., Sun, Y., Cui, X., Lin, C., & Chen, Q. (2021). Influencing factors of carbonyl compounds and other VOCs in commercial airliner cabins: On‐board investigation of 56 flights. Indoor air, 31(6), 2084-2098. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12903

Zaporozhets, A., Babak, V., Isaienko, V., & Babikova, K. (2020). Analysis of the air pollution monitoring system in Ukraine. Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48583-2_6