Journal of Advanced Development in Engineering and Science

The Process and Mechanisms of Non-Dendritic Structure Formation in Semi-Solid Processing of Aluminum

Sun, 24 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

porosity, enhance dimensional accuracy, and improves the mechanical properties of the final product. Currently, the most commonly used semi-solid forming techniques are Thixocasting and Rheocasting. Thixocasting involves reheating alumium feed stocks containing a globular microstructure to a semi-solid state and then injectecting it into the mold. In contrast, Rheocasting directly tranforms molten aluminum into a semi-solid state before shaping. Both sophisticated methods effectively minimize defects and enhance the strength and quality of the final product. This review article provides an overview of the semi-solid casting process of aluminum, the mechanisms of non-dendritic structure formation, and the significant parameters that influence microstructure, mechanical properties, and product quality. The knowledge presented is crucial for the development of semi-solid casting processes in both research and industrial applications, particularly in the field of aluminum alloy casting.

Efficacy of Marine Amino Acids on the Quality, Quantity and Morphology of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior)

Sun, 24 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Four month old of torch ginger were planted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Thaksin University, Phatthalung Campus. Watering system was installed, and the plants were watered every morning and evening. Additionally, weeds were removed every month. Two months after planting, the torch gingerwere treated with Marine Fish Amino acids (MFA) through foliar spraying. The spraying was conducted every two weeks.MFA divided into five levels: 0.00, 3.00, 6.00, 9.00, and 12.00 ml/l. In this experiment, a concentration of 0.00 ml/l (control treatment). Quality,quantity, and morphology of the torch ginger were measured included plant height, canopy width, leaf width, number of shoot,stalk length, stalk width, flower length, flower width, floral bract width, floral bract length. Additionally, force applied to the torch ginger. The experiment was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four blocks.The results found that plant height, canopy width, leaf width, and the number of shoots varied between without the spreyed of MFA. At the 12^th month, 6.00 ml/l was in the highest number of shoots, an average of 18.25 shoot. However, this was not statistically different from the concentrations of 9.00 ml/l and 12.00 ml/l, which had average 18.14 and 18.16 shoot, respectively. The hardness of torch gingerin the control treatment was the highest and statistically different from the other treatments. The control was a hardness of stalk flower about 3,221.85 g, followed by treatments 2, 3, 4, and 5, which was hardness 2,159.08, 2,010.23, 1,495.76 and 1,337.22 g, respectively.Similarly.The control treatment exhibited the highest floral bract force value at 1,288.44 g, followed by treatments 2, 3, 4, and 5, which was floral bract values about 765.05, 706.05, 697.52, and 677.96 g, respectively.

Application of Dual-Core Processors for Real-Time Data Acquisition and Dynamic System

Preecha Sakarung — Sun, 24 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This paper introduces a device enhancing not only real-time data acquisition but also signals generation inreal-time dynamic systems.The proposed device yields a great benefit for the instruction of control system due to the fact that it is able to 1) generate voltage signals of single-input single-output dynamic system of both first-order and second-order systems, 2) function as a data acquisition system of six input and two output channels, and 3) adjust the values ofvarious variables of the dynamic system in the form of a block diagram while working with the WinFACT/BORIS. In having dual processors function parallelly in data acquisition and signal generationin the dynamic systems, the calculation time for each cycle were as follows 1) the data acquisition between the processing board ESP32 and the WinFACT/BORIS functions at 0.05 seconds, and 2) the signal generation in the dynamic system functions at 0.01 seconds.The experiments have shown that the proposed device can be implemented in a control laboratory as it is capable of functioning in both real-time data acquisition and signal generation in real-time dynamic systems, in which all of the gained results were in accordance with those gained from experiments with MATLAB with a maximum of 4% discrepancy.In addition, with an ease of using block diagrams and the WinFACT/BORIS, the proposed device is therefore appropriate in laboratory contexts as the examples of dynamic system study and controller design were also demonstrated.

Analysis of Pedestrian Density and Flow Rate in a Railway Station: A Case Study of Siam BTS Station

Saichol Pholpho, Prayuth Rittidatch, Suparatchai Vorarat, Sirawit Pussawiro — Sun, 24 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Bangkok, the capital and economic center of Thailand, continues to face severe traffic congestion, making mass transit systems—particularly rail transport—an essential part of the solution. However, the increasing number of passengers has led to crowding within stations. This study aims to propose guidelines for effective metro station design using Siam BTS Station as a case study. The research employs PTV Viswalk simulation software to analyze pedestrian movement patterns and systematically identify potential problems within the station. Six station models with varying numbers of service floors were developed and simulated. The results show that the two-level station (Model 2) — with the first level as the ticketing area and the second level as the platform with a central track and side access — demonstrated the highest efficiency, with a pedestrian flow rate of 0.0286 person/s/m and a destination flow rate of 0.0192 person/s/m. Similarly, the three-level station (Model 5)—where the first level is for ticketing and the second and third levels are platforms with a central track and side access—showed the highest efficiency among the three-level designs, with a pedestrian flow rate of 0.0260 person/s/m and a destination flow rate of 58 0.0086 person/s/m. The findings provide valuable insights for designing or improving metro station layouts to enhance passenger flow distribution, reduce congestion, and support infrastructure planning for new stations. Moreover, the simulation approach can be applied to assess potential impacts prior to implementation, contributing to more effective 62 pedestrian traffic management within metro stations.

Study of the Encapsulated Orange Peel Essential Oil Properties for Application in Cookie Production

Sun, 24 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to extract essential oils from the peels of three citrus cultivars – Murcott mandarin, Honey mandarin, and Sri Thong in both fresh and dried forms using steam distillation. The highest oil yield was obtained from fried Murcott Mandarin peel, reaching 3.47%, compared with the fresh samples and other cultivars. The extracted oil was encapsulated using three combinations of wall materials: maltodextrin with gum Arabic (MD10:GA), maltodextrin with soy protein isolate (MD10:SPI), and maltodextrin with whey protein isolate (MD10:WPI), all at a 1:1 ratio. The encapsulated oil was then blended with essential oil at a 4:1 ratio and subsequently freeze-dried. Among these, the MD10:GA formulation exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency of 84.90% (p<0.05), with a water activity of 0.27, bulk density of 0.24 g/cm3, the lowest tapped density of 0.33 g/cm³, and the highest oil retention of 0.74 g/100 g (p<0.05). The stability of the encapsulated powders was further evaluated under storage at 25°C and 35°C for 4 weeks. Results showed a decline in oil content, accompanied by an increase in water activity and acid value, with accelerated deterioration at 35°C. Encapsulated essential oils were incorporated into cookies at five levels: CK1 (control, without encapsulates), CK2 (fresh peel), CK3 (5 g encapsulates/100 g cookie), CK4 (10 g encapsulates/100 g cookie), and CK5 (15 g encapsulates/100 g cookie). Cookies were stored in polyethylene bags placed inside aluminium foil zipper pouches at 25°C for 3 weeks. Over storage, lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) decreased compared with week zero, while hardness and fracturability increased with higher levels of encapsulates and gradually declined over time. Notably, CK5 cookies showed the lowest TBA value of 13.72±0.19 mg MDA/100 g at week 3, in contrast with CK1, which exhibited the highest rancidity, indicating that higher levels of encapsulates effectively delayed lipid peroxidation. No microbial contamination was detected throughout storage. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of dried Sai Nam Phueng orange peel essential oil, when encapsulated, as a functional ingredient for developing bakery products, such as cookies.

The Potential of Crude Extracts from Boletus griseipurpureus for Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities

Niparatee Nadae, Preuttiporn Supaphon — Sun, 24 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to evaluate the efficiency of crude extracts from Boletus griseipurpureus for antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of crude extracts. In addition, the total phenolic contents of the extracts were analyzed. Three crude extracts (methanol, dichloromethane and hexane extracts) were evaluated for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities using a colorimetric broth microdilution method and DPPH free radical scavenging assay, respectively. Seven pathogenic microorganisms were used in the antimicrobial tests, includingfour bacteria strains, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) SK1, Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 and three yeast strains, Candida albicans ATCC90028, Candida albicans NCPF3153 and Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC90112.The results indicated that ethanol extract showed the strongest activity against yeasts, with MIC value of 512 µg/ml. The remaining extracts gave the antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, MRSA and C. neoformans with MIC value of 512 µg/ml. On the other hand, only ethanol extract had the best antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ value of 15.5±0.02 µg/ml. Phytochemical screening of the extracts using standard protocols revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. Furthermore, the total phenolic content determined by the folin–ciocalteu method was 11.23 ± 0.10 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of extract.

Optimizing Microwave Drying of Shiitake Mushrooms: Evaluating Step-Down Power Strategies for Enhanced Energy Efficiency and Product Quality

Wanchalee Pengpongsa, Weera Sriariyakul, Piyapong Pankaew, Ponlakrit Kumklam — Sun, 24 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes), known for their nutritional and therapeutic benefits, are prone to post-harvest spoilage due to their high perishability. Traditional hot air (HA) drying is energy-intensive and can compromise product quality, while continuous microwave (MW) drying carries the risk of thermal damage. This study explores the effectiveness of step-down MW power strategies to optimize drying efficiency, energy consumption, and product quality. Fresh Shiitake mushrooms with an initial moisture content of 285 % (d.b.) were dried using both constant MW power and step-down protocols. We analyzed the drying kinetics, specific energy consumption (SEC), color, shrinkage, and rehydration ratios. The results showed that increasing the MW power from 100 W to 450 W reduced the drying time by 50%, achieving evaporation rates of up to 18.92 % (d.b.)/min. The step-down MW drying at 450 W for 10 minutes follow by microwave power 200 W, resulted in the lowest SEC of approximately 18.89 MJ/kg_{water evaporated}. The drying process at a constant MW power of 450 W caused slight discoloration, while the step-down MW drying preserved the lightness color. Constant MW power drying led to more significant shrinkage compared to the step-down method. The highest rehydration ratio was 4.06, achieved with a constant MW power drying.The study concludes that a step-down MW drying optimizes energy efficiency while maintaining acceptable product quality. These findings offer valuable insights for producing dried Shiitake mushrooms and suggest potential for industrial application.

Development of Reduced-Sodium Shrimp Paste Using NaCl-KCl Substitution for Takaey Community Enterprise in Tha Chang District, Suratthani Province

Sun, 24 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to develop reduced-sodium shrimp paste and shrimp paste powder by partially substituting sodium chloride (NaCl) with potassium chloride (KCl) combined with flavor modifiers to enhance products from the Takaey community enterprise, Surat Thani Province, Thailand. Shrimp paste was produced using NaCl:KCl ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, and 0:100, supplemented with 1% taurine and 0.1% ascorbic acid, and fermented for 180 days. The results showed an average yield of approximately 50%, moisture content of 45–50%, water activity of 0.70–0.80, decreasing L*, a*, and b* values, and a slight pH reduction from 8.0 to 7.7 during fermentation. Sodium content ranged from 730 to 895 mg per serving (15 g), depending on salt ratio. The NaCl:KCl 50:50 formulation showed good sensory acceptance and achieved a 47% sodium reduction compared with traditional Takaey shrimp paste. When processed into shrimp paste powder by hot-air drying at 60 °C for 8 h, the product contained 4.70% moisture, water activity of 0.38, and sodium content of 530 mg per serving (9 g), corresponding to a 52% reduction. The developed products met microbiological quality standards and can be claimed as “reduced sodium,” demonstrating the potential of food technology for sustainable community-based product development.

Development of a Small-Scale Agricultural Water Management Mobile Application

Sun, 24 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The aim of this research is to develop an Android smartphone application to demonstrate the water volume data from small water sources to solve the problem of lacking real-time water volume data in agricultural water sources of rural areas to support water management decision-making by connecting to ultrasonic sensor systems installed in 5 real areas in the northeastern region of Thailand, namely Surin, Buriram, Sisaket, Roi Et, and Kalasin provinces. The developed application implements React Native technology for the user side and Ubuntu Server operating system with MySQL database for data management. Additionally, JSON data format is utilized to receive data from sensors into the system on a daily basis. This research uses the Adapted Waterfall system development model with the system testing which applies Black-box Testing technique by information experts and technical testing by field staff. Therefore, the results found that the system is able to fully function as intended according to the designed functions, including displaying real-time water level information, multimedia on water management, information on water sources of each agricultural area, and channels to contact authorities. Moreover, the technical evaluation results from the field use found that the timely data display function was at an excellent level and other aspects were at a good level, with an average error value of data from the water volume sensor at 0.783%. The research results indicate that the developed application is possible to meet the need of area and serve as a guideline for community expansion.

Influence of Pore Size and Ozone Concentration on Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation Efficiency in Ozone-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes

Wichian Siriprom, Apiradee Yingprayoon, Attapol Choeysuppaket — Sun, 24 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

In this study, the effects of pore size and ozone concentration on the efficiency of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation via advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on ozone oxidation were investigated. The ozone gas used in the process was generated by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor, with oxygen and air as feed gases at a flow rate of 11 L/min. Ozone generation was carried out for 15 minutes under a high-voltage electric field to induce the ionization of oxygen molecules. The resulting ozone concentration was determined using the iodometric titration method. The results showed that when oxygen was used as the feed gas, the maximum ozone concentration reached 15.77 mg/L, whereas the use of air resulted in a significantly lower concentration of 4.70 mg/L, corresponding to a difference of 235.5%. When ozone was introduced into water through porous diffusers to generate fine bubbles, reactive oxygen species were produced through ozonation and ozonolysis reactions, particularly in the presence of organic compounds in the water. The oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) was measured to assess ROS generation efficiency. When oxygen was used as the feed gas, ORP values for both nano- and micro-porous diffusers increased significantly and reached similar maximum values of approximately 820 mV, indicating effective ROS production. In contrast, when air was used as the feed gas, distinct differences were observed. The micro-porous diffuser exhibited a gradual increase in ORP, reaching a maximum of 569 mV. Meanwhile, the nano-porous diffuser showed a rapid increase, attaining the same ORP level (569 mV) within 5 minutes and continuing to rise to a maximum of 682 mV. In addition, electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) were evaluated after ozone was dispersed into water using porous diffusers. Under the condition of high ozone concentration (15.77 mg/L), obtained when oxygen was used as the feed gas, similar trends were observed for both diffuser types. EC and TDS decreased consistently in the same direction. For the nano-porous diffuser, EC decreased from 271 to 248 µS/cm, while TDS decreased from 173 to 135 mg/L. The micro-porous diffuser showed a similar pattern, with EC decreasing from 273 to 254 µS/cm and TDS decreasing from 172 to 138 mg/L. In contrast, under the condition of low ozone concentration (4.70 mg/L), obtained when air was used as the feed gas, the results differed significantly. The nano-porous diffuser still resulted in decreases in both EC and TDS, with values similar to those observed when oxygen was used as the feed gas. However, the micro-porous diffuser exhibited an increase in EC from 273 to 306 µS/cm, while TDS decreased only slightly from 172 to 160 mg/L. The experimental results indicate that both ozone concentration and the pore size of the diffuser significantly influence the efficiency of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This effect is particularly evident when low-concentration ozone (4.70 mg/L), produced using air as the feed gas, is applied. Under these conditions, nano-porous diffusers were found to enhance ROS generation more rapidly and effectively than micro-porous diffusers. Overall, the results demonstrate that both ozone concentration and diffuser pore size have a significant impact on the efficiency of ROS generation. This effect is mostly prominent at low ozone concentrations (4.70 mg/L), produced using air as the feed gas. Under these conditions, nano-porous diffusers were found to promote ROS generation more rapidly and effectively than micro-porous diffusers.