LMDI Decomposition of CO₂ Emissions from Thailand’s Electricity Generation Sector (2014–2023)

Wanchanok Jitkla, Dong-Woon Noh — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study analyzes the driving forces of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from Thailand’s electricity generation sector during 2014–2023 using the additive Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method. Electricity generation accounts for the largest share of Thailand’s energy-related CO₂ emissions and is central to achieving national climate targets under the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) and long-term carbon neutrality and net-zero goals. An additive LMDI framework based on an extended Kaya identity decomposes changes in total CO₂ emissions into five components: activity, structural, fuel mix, thermal efficiency, and emission factor effects. The analysis uses annual electricity generation data from the Global Change Data Lab, energy consumption data from Thailand’s Energy Balance compiled by the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE), and default emission factors from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. In addition, scenario-based projections are developed to assess emission pathways consistent with Thailand’s 2030 NDC target, 2050 carbon neutrality, and a 2065 net-zero greenhouse gas emissions goal. The results show that total CO₂ emissions from the electricity sector declined by approximately 10.02 Mt CO₂ during 2014–2023. Improvements in thermal efficiency and structural changes in the generation mix were the main drivers of emission reductions, while shifts in fuel mix from coal toward natural gas and renewable energy provided additional mitigation effects. However, rising electricity demand, captured by the activity effect, partially offset these gains. Scenario analysis suggests that pathways featuring accelerated renewable energy deployment and earlier coal phase-out are more consistent with Thailand’s higher-ambition NDC targets and long-term decarbonization goals. The findings provide quantitative evidence on the relative importance of demand growth, efficiency improvement, and structural change, offering policy-relevant insights for electricity-sector decarbonization in Thailand.

Geo-Informatics Technology for Comparing Surface Deformation on Salt Dome and Salt Basin Structure in Chaiyaphum, Thailand

Patcharin Suphakdee, Urawan Chanket — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The northeastern region of Thailand is characterized by a prominent topographic feature known as the Korat Plateau, which is composed of the Korat Basin and the Sakon Nakhon Basin. The general geology of the upper part of the Korat Basin is notably characterized by the Maha Sarakham Formation, which is primarily composed of evaporite minerals such as halite, potash, gypsum, and anhydrite. These evaporite deposits, particularly rock salt, exhibited plastic behavior and could flow under pressure, leading to deformation and displacement of their layers. This movement resulted in the formation of various halokinetic structures. Therefore, this study investigated rock salt deformation within different parts of the sedimentary basin and compared ground displacement across areas with distinct rock salt structures in Chaiyaphum Province. The objective was to gain insights into the natural mechanisms of rock salt deformation and their influence on topography, environmental impacts, and resource management. The research incorporated extensive subsurface datasets integrated with surface deformation rates derived from InSAR time-series analysis using Sentinel-1 imagery from 2015 to 2024. The results revealed a clear contrast in surface deformation rates between areas overlying salt domes and those over salt basins. Areas above salt dome structures exhibited deformation rates ranging from -4.18 to +7.05 mm/year. The maximum uplift was observed in Ban Chuan, Ban Chuan Subdistrict, in the northeastern part of Bamnet Narong District. On the order hand, areas overlying salt basin structures showed deformation rates between -6.43 and +5.13 mm/year, with the greatest subsidence occurring in the Ban Nong Yai But floodplain, Hua Thale Subdistrict, Bamnet Narong District. These deformation patterns were closely associated with variations in geological structure, sediment type, and topographic characteristics. This integrated analysis provided detailed insights into the relationship between subsurface salt structures and surface deformation, offering valuable information for spatial planning and sustainable environmental management.

Thai Geoscience Journal

LMDI Decomposition of CO₂ Emissions from Thailand’s Electricity Generation Sector (2014–2023)

Geo-Informatics Technology for Comparing Surface Deformation on Salt Dome and Salt Basin Structure in Chaiyaphum, Thailand